Project planning is an aspect of Project Management, which comprises of various processes. The aim of theses processes is to ensure that various Project tasks are well coordinated and they meet the various project objectives including timely completion of the project.
Project Planning is an aspect of Project Management that focuses a lot on Project Integration. The project plan reflects the current status of all project activities and is used to monitor and control the project. The Project Planning tasks ensure that various elements of the Project are coordinated and therefore guide the project execution.
Project Planning helps in
- Facilitating communication
- Monitoring/measuring the project progress, and
- Provides overall documentation of assumptions/planning decisions
The Project Planning Phases can be broadly classified as follows:
- Development of the Project Plan
- Execution of the Project Plan
- Change Control and Corrective Actions
Project Planning is an ongoing effort throughout the Project Lifecycle.
“If you fail to plan, you plan to fail.”
Project planning is crucial to the success of the Project. Careful planning right from the beginning of the project can help to avoid costly mistakes. It provides an assurance that the project execution will accomplish its goals on schedule and within budget.
Steps in Project Planning
Project Planning spans across the various aspects of the Project. Generally Project Planning is considered to be a process of estimating, scheduling and assigning the projects resources in order to deliver an end product of suitable quality. However it is much more as it can assume a very strategic role, which can determine the very success of the project. A Project Plan is one of the crucial steps in Project Planning in General!
Typically Project Planning can include the following types of project Planning:
1) Project Scope Definition and Scope Planning
2) Project Activity Definition and Activity Sequencing
3) Time, Effort and Resource Estimation
4) Risk Factors Identification
5) Cost Estimation and Budgeting
6) Organizational and Resource Planning
7) Schedule Development
8) Quality Planning
9) Risk Management Planning
10) Project Plan Development and Execution
11) Performance Reporting
12) Planning Change Management
13) Project Rollout Planning
1) Project Scope Definition and Scope Planning:
In this step we document the project work that would help us achieve the project goal. We document the assumptions, constraints, user expectations, Business Requirements, Technical requirements, project deliverables, project objectives and everything that defines the final product requirements. This is the foundation for a successful project completion.
2) Quality Planning:
The relevant quality standards are determined for the project. This is an important aspect of Project Planning. Based on the inputs captured in the previous steps such as the Project Scope, Requirements, deliverables, etc. various factors influencing the quality of the final product are determined. The processes required to deliver the Product as promised and as per the standards are defined.
3) Project Activity Definition and Activity Sequencing:
In this step we define all the specific activities that must be performed to deliver the product by producing the various product deliverables. The Project Activity sequencing identifies the interdependence of all the activities defined.
4) Time, Effort and Resource Estimation:
Once the Scope, Activities and Activity interdependence is clearly defined and documented, the next crucial step is to determine the effort required to complete each of the activities. See the article on “Software Cost Estimation” for more details. The Effort can be calculated using one of the many techniques available such as Function Points, Lines of Code, Complexity of Code, Benchmarks, etc.
This step clearly estimates and documents the time, effort and resource required for each activity.
5) Risk Factors Identification: “Expecting the unexpected and facing it”
It is important to identify and document the risk factors associated with the project based on the assumptions, constraints, user expectations, specific circumstances, etc.
6) Schedule Development:
The time schedule for the project can be arrived at based on the activities, interdependence and effort required for each of them. The schedule may influence the cost estimates, the cost benefit analysis and so on.
Project Scheduling is one of the most important task of Project Planning and also the most difficult tasks. In very large projects it is possible that several teams work on developing the project. They may work on it in parallel. However their work may be interdependent.
Again various factors may impact in successfully scheduling a project
...........o Teams not directly under our control
...........o Resources with not enough experience
Popular Tools can be used for creating and reporting the schedules such as Gantt Charts
7) Cost Estimation and Budgeting:
Based on the information collected in all the previous steps it is possible to estimate the cost involved in executing and implementing the project. See the article on "Software Cost Estimation" for more details. A Cost Benefit Analysis can be arrived at for the project. Based on the Cost Estimates Budget allocation is done for the project.
8) Organizational and Resource Planning
Based on the activities identified, schedule and budget allocation resource types and resources are identified. One of the primary goals of Resource planning is to ensure that the project is run efficiently. This can only be achieved by keeping all the project resources fully utilized as possible. The success depends on the accuracy in predicting the resource demands that will be placed on the project. Resource planning is an iterative process and necessary to optimize the use of resources throughout the project life cycle thus making the project execution more efficient. There are various types of resources – Equipment, Personnel, Facilities, Money, etc.
9) Risk Management Planning:
Risk Management is a process of identifying, analyzing and responding to a risk. Based on the Risk factors Identified a Risk resolution Plan is created. The plan analyses each of the risk factors and their impact on the project. The possible responses for each of them can be planned. Throughout the lifetime of the project these risk factors are monitored and acted upon as necessary.
10) Project Plan Development and Execution:
Project Plan Development uses the inputs gathered from all the other planning processes such as Scope definition, Activity identification, Activity sequencing, Quality Management Planning, etc. A detailed Work Break down structure comprising of all the activities identified is used. The tasks are scheduled based on the inputs captured in the steps previously described. The Project Plan documents all the assumptions, activities, schedule, timelines and drives the project.
Each of the Project tasks and activities are periodically monitored. The team and the stakeholders are informed of the progress. This serves as an excellent communication mechanism. Any delays are analyzed and the project plan may be adjusted accordingly
11) Performance Reporting:
As described above the progress of each of the tasks/activities described in the Project plan is monitored. The progress is compared with the schedule and timelines documented in the Project Plan. Various techniques are used to measure and report the project performance such as EVM (Earned Value Management) A wide variety of tools can be used to report the performance of the project such as PERT Charts, GANTT charts, Logical Bar Charts, Histograms, Pie Charts, etc.
12) Planning Change Management:
Analysis of project performance can necessitate that certain aspects of the project be changed. The Requests for Changes need to be analyzed carefully and its impact on the project should be studied. Considering all these aspects the Project Plan may be modified to accommodate this request for Change.
Change Management is also necessary to accommodate the implementation of the project currently under development in the production environment. When the new product is implemented in the production environment it should not negatively impact the environment or the performance of other applications sharing the same hosting environment.
13) Project Rollout Planning:
In Enterprise environments, the success of the Project depends a great deal on the success of its rollout and implementations. Whenever a Project is rolled out it may affect the technical systems, business systems and sometimes even the way business is run. For an application to be successfully implemented not only the technical environment should be ready but the users should accept it and use it effectively. For this to happen the users may need to be trained on the new system. All this requires planning.
1)When does the project planning activity start and end in a software life cycle? List the important activities that software project managers perform during project planning. What are some of the factors which make it hard to accurately estimate the cost of software projects?
After the initiation stage, the project is planned to an appropriate level of detail. The main purpose is to plan time, cost and resources adequately to estimate the work needed and to effectively manage risk during project execution. As with the Initiation process group, a failure to adequately plan greatly reduces the project's chances of successfully accomplishing its goals.
Project planning generally consists of
• determining how to plan (e.g. by level of detail or rolling wave);
• developing the scope statement;
• selecting the planning team;
• identifying deliverables and creating the work breakdown structure;
• identifying the activities needed to complete those deliverables and networking the activities in their logical sequence;
• estimating the resource requirements for the activities;
• estimating time and cost for activities;
• developing the schedule;
• developing the budget;
• risk planning;
• gaining formal approval to begin work.
Additional processes, such as planning for communications and for scope management, identifying roles and responsibilities, determining what to purchase for the project and holding a kick-off meeting are also generally advisable.
For new product development projects, conceptual design of the operation of the final product may be performed concurrent with the project planning activities, and may help to inform the planning team when identifying deliverables and planning activities.
Executing Process Group Processes[19]
Executing consists of the processes used to complete the work defined in the project management plan to accomplish the project's requirements. Execution process involves coordinating people and resources, as well as integrating and performing the activities of the project in accordance with the project management plan. The deliverables are produced as outputs from the processes performed as defined in the project management plan.
e) What are the most important functions of software project planning?
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